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Biological Scientist Training and Qualifications
Most biological scientists need a Ph.D. degree in biology or one of its
subfields to work in research or development positions. A period of postdoctoral
work in the laboratory of a senior researcher has become common for biological
scientists who intend to conduct research or teach at the university level.
Education and training. A Ph.D. degree usually is necessary for
independent research, industrial research, and college teaching, as well as for
advancement to administrative positions. A master’s degree is sufficient for
some jobs in applied research, product development, management, or inspection;
it also may qualify one to work as a research technician or a teacher. The
bachelor’s degree is adequate for some nonresearch jobs. For example, graduates
with a bachelor’s degree may start as biological scientists in testing and
inspection or may work in jobs related to biological science, such as technical
sales or service representatives. Some work as research assistants, laboratory
technicians, or high school biology teachers. Many with a bachelor’s degree in
biology enter medical, dental, veterinary, or other health profession schools.
In addition to required courses in chemistry and biology, undergraduate
biological science majors usually study allied disciplines such as mathematics,
physics, engineering, and computer science. Computer courses are beneficial for
modeling and simulating biological processes, operating some laboratory
equipment, and performing research in the emerging field of bioinformatics.
Those interested in studying the environment also should take courses in
environmental studies and become familiar with applicable legislation and
regulations. Prospective biological scientists who hope to work as marine
biologists should have at least a bachelor’s degree in a biological or marine
science. However, students should not overspecialize in undergraduate study, as
knowledge of marine biology often is acquired in graduate study.
Most colleges and universities offer bachelor’s degrees in biological
science, and many offer advanced degrees. Advanced degree programs often
emphasize a subfield such as microbiology or botany, but not all universities
offer curricula in all subfields. Larger universities frequently have separate
departments specializing in different areas of biological science. For example,
a program in botany might cover agronomy, horticulture, or plant pathology.
Advanced degree programs typically include classroom and fieldwork, laboratory
research, and a thesis or dissertation.
Biological scientists with a Ph.D. often take temporary postdoctoral research
positions that provide specialized research experience. Postdoctoral positions
may offer the opportunity to publish research findings. A solid record of
published research is essential in obtaining a permanent position involving
basic research, especially for those seeking a permanent college or university
faculty position.
Other qualifications. Biological scientists should be able to
work independently or as part of a team and be able to communicate clearly and
concisely, both orally and in writing. Those in private industry, especially
those who aspire to management or administrative positions, should possess
strong business and communication skills and be familiar with regulatory issues
and marketing and management techniques. Those doing field research in remote
areas must have physical stamina. Biological scientists also must have patience
and self-discipline to conduct long and detailed research projects.
Advancement. As they gain experience, biological scientists
typically gain greater control over their research and may advance to become
lead researchers directing a team of scientists and technicians. Some work as
consultants to businesses or to government agencies. However, those dependent on
research grants are still constrained by funding agencies, and they may spend
much of their time writing grant proposals. Others choose to move into
managerial positions and become natural science managers. They may plan and
administer programs for testing foods and drugs, for example, or direct
activities at zoos or botanical gardens. Those who pursue management careers
spend much of their time preparing budgets and schedules. Some leave biology for
nontechnical managerial, administrative, or sales jobs.
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,
Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008-09 Edition
Find related resources below:
Biological Scientist job outlook
Biological Scientist Income
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